Amos Omore
Regional Representative - Eastern and Southern Africa, Policies, institutions and livelihoods
International Livestock Research Institute
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/97086
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.08.006
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/109797
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/109797
https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12071
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/881
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.008
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1692
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/1692
https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/154.pdf
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/81324
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/16492
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/16492
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/69120
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/69120
Livestock offers many opportunities for improving livelihoods. Market mechanisms to overcome market barriers and quality assurance for animal source foods (ASF) enhances these opportunities. Health risk and market demand information in the eastern Africa and elsewhere has revealed the following:
- ASF health risks are often over played and are largely eliminated through cooking or boiling.
- Boosting the image of livestock products as healthy has benefits that consumers are willing to pay premium price for.
- Training and certification (T&C) allow a balance on strict implementation of regulations, which creates strong incentives for markets not to avoid them due to the costs of compliance. It also promotes market access.
Informal markets, small volumes and largely generic products make product differentiation difficult. This stifles innovation towards value addition in response to market signals. Certification, for which training is a prerequisite, provides a differentiation mechanism in such market settings. Policymakers also require well-documented justification for departures from prevailing procedures towards the informal sector. Rules to protect public health in such settings are often unrealistic in that, while they significantly limit market access, they are not based on locally derived information.
T&C provides an appropriate level of justification in this context by addressing two key problems— the need to bridge the gap between regulated and unregulated markets and the need to overcome ASF safety concerns. Addressing these problems through T&C has been shown to tackle safety concerns and bridge the regulatory gap, while creating employment and providing greater access to quality nutrition for the poor.
Commercialized supply of T&C through accredited business development service (BDS) providers has been successfully tested as a mechanism for addressing food quality and safety concerns and improving market access. Food safety concerns by consumers and policymakers are important barriers to market access for small-scale producers and sellers of highly perishable livestock products. While these markets dominate ASF supply in the eastern Africa region, they often operate outside the formal economy and without official support due to policies addressing quality and safety concerns.
Users of the innovation are certification authorities, BDS providers, associations representing market chain actors and development agencies. The innovation relies on application of BDS to integrate small-scale informal market actors into the formal value chain by building capacity, assuring product quality, labelling and branding. The BDS approach extends the reach of the certification authorities while providing employment and income opportunity for the BDS providers through the fees paid to them for training by market chain actors. The BDS providers would provide this service as part of other inputs and service provision.
Successful promotion of the innovation requires engagement by regulators and development agents to support an environment that provides informal actors with some of the protective benefits that formality can offer. Such support helps informal actors overcome the constraint of low investment into business that is often related to low education, awareness, information and lack of capital. This gives the opportunity for informal actors to evolve their practices towards formality, scale up and achieve target standards.
Impact analysis of the T&C pilot in the dairy sector in Kenya showed significant benefits to the economy amounting to USD33 million annually. The T&C was also piloted In Tanzania and Assam (India). A version involving training, packaging and branding of camel meat (Nyirinyiri) was tried among women groups Garissa, a semi-arid area in Kenya.
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